Che differenza fa
Gabriella Gribaudi e Marcella Marmo
Is there any gender difference in mafia?\ The essay aims at introducing the panel «The women’s places in organized crime of Southern Italy between XIX and XXI century: roles, practices and identities» which has been discussed in the Fifth Annual Congress of the Society of Italian Women Historians in Naples on January 28-30, 2009. The theme of women and organized crime is dealt with by focusing several issues, decisive to gender studies: the relationship with power and violence, the connection with the ideas of tradition and modernity, the hierarchy between the sexes, the role of honor codes. The prevailing approach, including judicial sources and qualitative interviews, is biographical: it allows us to analyze the relationship between the subjects and the group’s constraints, the transformations between long-term practices and arrangements to global dynamics. The essay investigates the tight cooperation between men and women in mafia’s strategies. Such cooperation seems to overcome the gender difference and to confirm generally women’s dependence on their own family embedded in criminal «families», namely organizations equiped by men for violence, that is to say for war.
Tendenze e prospettive
Renate Siebert
Trends and perspectives
On the basis of the content of the various articles dealing with the
role played by women in the mafias, this essay addresses some of
the crucial topics of the current debate. Among these it emerges the
relationship between formal belonging to the organization (i.e. the issue
of women affiliation, traditionally forbidden) and family belonging to
the mafia world, a «world a part» if compared with the overall society.
The violence issue, both the one specifically criminal and the one against
women in particular, is crucial for understanding the intertwining existing
between criminal and daily life within mafia contexts. The contribution
provided by turncoats have spread a new light upon these issues, while
evidencing the multiple roles and functions played by women. One can
often question whether these changes can be conceived in terms of mafia
women emancipation’s processes. However, if we consider the substantial
subordination suffered by women within this monosexual male world,
these hypothesis seem scarcely relevant.
Donne, ’ndrangheta, ’ndrine. Gli spazi femminili nelle fonti giudiziarie
Ombretta Ingrascì
Women, ’ndrangheta, ’ndrine. The Female Space in Judiciary Sources
Women cannot formally take part in the so called «honored society». In
other words, they cannot be affiliated through the initiation rite. However,
they have been involved in the ʼndrangheta by performing a traditional role
– including transmitting mafia values, encouraging vendetta, guaranteeing
men’s honour, participating in prescribed marriages – and by carrying out
mafia activities. After a brief historical reconstruction of the changes in
the ʼndrangheta’s structure, the essay explores the presence of women in
the criminal organization by comparing two antimafia police operations
carried out by the Direzione investigativa antimafia of Reggio Calabria
(Artemisia, in 2009, and Il Crimine in 2010). The analysis brings the
author to maintain that women are involved in the ʼndrine – the core of
the criminal association based on family groups –, while are absent in the
high sphere of the ʼndrangheta power. By describing the numerous and
significant roles of women within the mafia families and by observing that
women are not allowed to take part in decisional meetings or to assume
leadership positions, the essay reflects upon the ambiguities behind the
notion of female power in the ʼndrangheta.
Narrazioni al femminile di Cosa nostra
Alessandra Dino
Female perspectives from the universe of Cosa Nostra
Starting from the analysis of the important transformations that have
characterized the roles of women within the criminal world of Cosa
Nostra in the last decades, the article focuses on the dimensions of identity
and communication through which the belonging of women to the mafia
universe or their exclusion from male territories are defined. In the last
two decades, the criminal organization, weakened by the many arrests, has
increasingly entrusted to women the responsibility to preserve, affirm and
reflect its image of power to the outside. In times of emergency, women
are considered the most reliable interlocutors. Using direct evidence,
interviews, letters and judicial materials, the article wants to reconstruct
the story and the image of the Mafia conveyed by the women who live
inside it or who have direct contact with it. The gender prospective
emerges from these women’s stories both in the interconnection between
personal stories and the mafia tales, both in the use of the words and of
the cognitive worlds in which their stories have meaning. A mafia told
through the gender’s prism that – in the mirror image comparison with
the men narratives – discovers routes and new perspectives to know new
facets of a changing world.
«È la giustizia che mette in mezzo le donne»: il carcere, la mafia, le donne
Monica Massari
«It’s the law that puts women in the middle»: prison, mafia and women
This article deals with the narrations and self and identity representation
processes of a group of women detained for serious crimes within the high
security section of the Lecce’s prison, interviewed in the framework of a
documentary entitled Nella Casa di Borgo San Nicola (Italy, 2008). The
role played by women inside mafia groups and, particularly, inside Sacra
corona unita, is addressed taking into consideration, beside the scientific
literature on the topic and investigative and judicial sources, a visual
document which proposes «eccentric» contents, if compared with the
conclusions reached by the debate on the topic, and some interventions
around the documentary posted on the web. The author deals with
three main themes: the issue of prison as a place which is unfit «to treat»
women; the issue of the role played by women inside mafia organizations
and, finally, the issue related to gender relations. Taking into account the
outcomes of the research on the role of women inside mafias and the
relevance of direct sources in the study of mafia phenomenon, the author
proposes to assume a critic and relative posture toward the narrations
and representation processes proposed by these women which allows
to identify further approaches toward the topic and to widen critical
perspectives usually adopted.
Donne violente e donne criminali a Napoli nelle fonti di polizia giudiziaria (1888-94)
Antonella Migliaccio e Iolanda Napolitano
Violent and criminal women in Naples according
to the sources of forensic police (1888-1894)
The research proposes to present a perspective of daily violence
by women in Naples at the end of the 19th century, traceable from the
complete study of the forensic police documents from 1888 until 1894.
The detailed archives outline lifestyle and speech patterns which progress
from trivial violence through to murderer, correlating with the structured
violence of camorra groups. As a result women are part of two worlds,
the violent one and the criminal one. In the latter they adopt specific roles,
which have not been studied yet.
La rima amore/onore di Pupetta Maresca. Una primadonna nella camorra degli anni cinquanta
Marcella Marmo
How Pupetta Maresca rhymed love and honour
The story of a Neapolitan camorrist first lady around the middle of
the last century is described in this essay. Pupetta Maresca became very
popular during the 1955 war among members of the «Camorra», when,
as a very young woman, she killed the killer of the so called «Pascalone ‘e
(from) Nola», who was her husband. Pupetta’s life is here investigated till
the interview given to the British journalist Clare Longrigg in the nineties.
The methodology of this investigation develops three biographical aspects
related to three kinds of sources. The debate on the Camorra’s revival after
the Second World War with new economical and social characteristics
is illustrated. Moreover the essay underlines Pupetta’s «modern» media
approach to the penal trial in which she is involved (1955-59), where the
character of young widowed camorrist prevails even over the character of
Pupetta as a mother. After ten years’ imprisonment and a new sentimental
bond, this time to a very violent drug trafficker, the first lady of Camorra
will suffer from many frustrations both by her man and by the members
of the so called «New Organized Camorra» leaded by Raffaele Cutolo.
Even telling the story of her life when she was an elderly woman, Pupetta
Maresca confirms the psychological and sentimental characteristics of a
cool and determined personality. Her intense report is taken into account
focusing on subjectiveness, according to the point of view adopted
by Gender History. With respect to the structure of her camorristic
personality, it is noticeable her tendency to freeze emotions (even sorrow)
and free hate and anger, that belong to the languages of Power.
Donne di camorra e identità di genere
Gabriella Gribaudi
Criminal Women and Gender Identity
Starting from an extended judicial documentation and reports of the
local news, the test analyzes some groups of women active in the criminal
traffics in Naples today. The author is concerned with the patterns
of gender emerging from the context and their transformations and
continuities with the past patterns.
L’emergenza rosa. Dati e suggestioni sulle donne di camorra
Anna Maria Zaccaria
Pink emergency. Data and suggestions about camorra’ women
This paper follows two aims. The first one is to give an estimate of
the feminization in the camorra organization and a description of its
internal structure, using some data collected and arranged into a relational
data-base. The second one is to show some profiles of camorra women,
particularly of the so-called capesse. More generally, the aim is to outline
the paths of access and rise of the women in criminal networks.
Le divergenze parallele. Le organizzazioni di interessi nel sistema politico bipolare
Mimmo Carrieri
Interest Organizations: from structural differences to practical convergences
In the years of the Second Republic in Italy after 1993 grew up the
bipolarism in the political system. The power sfhifts from the old mass
parties to leaders of the new political coalitions. The governments, as
center-left as center-right, concentrate all important symbolic and material
resources. In this context the interest organizations, both employers
associations and unions, keep their memebership and their social
influence, but they were pressed to have an alignment with the coalition
in office. In few cases alternative chance was the political dissent against
the governments. All organizations need of the support by governments
more than political leaders need them and their consensus.
La questione idroviaria: politiche territoriali e trasporti nell’Italia del boom economico
Matteo Proto
The inland navigation issue: transport and territorial policies
in the Italian economic boom
This article investigates decision-making processes related to the
development of an inland navigation transport network in Northern
Italy, focusing on the period 1945-65. The transformation of the Po
river and other connected rivers and channels into a modern waterway
became particularly prominent since the National Unification, with the
aim to connect the main cities (Milan, Turin) with Venice harbour and the
Adriatic sea. After WWII, the economic recovery allowed to undertake
the projects: the inland navigation development was strongly supported at
the local level (provinces, municipalities and chambers of commerce), but
was not perceived as a national problem, enforcing the gap between the
regional dimension and the national one. Furthermore local authorities
started to discuss about the track and the priorities in the construction,
without finding a common solution. Finally, all these plans were bounded
to fail, considering the priority given to the highway development and to
the car industry.