Sviluppo e strategie di guerra fredda. Il contagio difficile
Sara Lorenzini
Development Discourse and Cold War Strategies:
At the Origins of an Unpredictable Symbiosis
The article explores the encounter of decolonisation and the Cold
War and with the convergence of the discourse on development and
Cold War rhetoric in the 1950s. It argues against the master narrative
on development, which tells the story of an enthusiastic propagation
of the American empire and its idea of progress through the launch
of Truman’s point four. It goes on to show that the concept of development
existed well before the Cold War started, and that its ideological
dimension became crucial between the 1930s and the 1940s,
when it was not perceived in East-West terms. It discusses how after
the end of World War II the rhetoric of the Cold War and the rhetoric
of development were relatively independent from one another.
It then discusses continuities in actors, ideas and methods between
the Marshall plan and Truman’s point four. The importance of the
networks of experts promoting ideas and strategies of development
explains, for example in Italy, how the Cold War rhetoric involved
in Truman’s discourse was not immediately absorbed by the European
allies. It finally turns to the inception of the «strange kind of
Cold War» fought with money and technology to win the US-Soviet
struggle for the hearts and minds of the decolonizing world. Even
among the Socialist countries, which in the mid 1950s were strongly
influenced by the very same rhetoric of aid which they openly rejected,
the promotion of a common strategy in order to use aid as a
tool for political influence in the Cold War was not immediate and
required effort and cooperation.
Parole chiave: guerra fredda, aiuto allo sviluppo, point
four, Terzo Mondo
Keywords: Cold War, Development aid, point four, Third
World
La fenice comunale. Le città lombarde alla morte di Gian Galeazze Visconti
Paolo Grillo
The communal phoenix. Lombard cities
at the time of the death of Gian Galeazzo Visconti
At the time of the death of Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1402), the
Duchy of Milan shattered into pieces. Traditionally, the cause has
been identified in heavy taxation, but the popular uprisings in Milan
and in other cities were intended to defend communal traditions
against the ambitions of the Visconti. In particular, the great revolt
of Milan in 1403, although downgraded by historians as an episode
of factional strife, was instead a significant political uprising
involving the Milanese popolo, who tried to establish entirely new
foundations of the relationship between the city and the duke.
Parole chiave: Comune, Popolo, Ducato di Milano,
Rivolta
Keywords: Commune, People, Duchy of Milan, Revolt
Un sistema politico liberale senza ideologia liberale? Italia 1860-1970
Paolo Pombeni
A liberal political system without liberal ideology?
Italy 1860-1970
It might seem odd to claim that the political system of the newly
united Italy had trouble with a liberal ideology. In fact, despite the
strong liberal sentiment which moved the founding fathers of new
Italy at the turning point of second half of 19th century, we can find
many reasons to agree with Romanelli’s statement that the constitutional
system was based on an «impossible command», the order
to be free. The relationship between the power of the state and the
defence of civic liberties, especially that connected with a «communitarian
» approach was never an easy nut to crack for Italian liberal
thinkers. They constantly feared that their «national» ideology could
be challenged by more sectional antithetic ideologies (catholic, socialist,
etc.) compromising the solidity of the State. Only with the
Republican Charter of 1948 a new approach emerged, sympathetic
with the «communitarian dimension» of politics. Curiously enough,
the promotion of such a change of mind, which in an Anglo-Saxon
context would be considered truly liberal, was left to intellectuals
linked to social catholic movement, who saw themselves as anti-liberals.
The official Italian liberals remained instead suspicious of this
new direction, seen as a betrayal of their tradition.
Parole chiave: Liberalismo italiano; Ideologie Costituzionali;
Costituzioni Italiana; Sistema politico italiano
1860-1970
Keywords: Italian Liberalism; Constitutional Ideologies;
Italian Constitutions; Italian Political System 1860-1970
Una guerra ancora nobile. Miti guerrieri nell’Italia dell’età posteroica (1945-61)
Marco Mondini
A still noble war. Warrior myths in Italy
in the post-heroic age (1945-61)
A well-established historiographical paradigm presents WWII as
a watershed in the history of war and warfare, and, more specifically,
as a point of no return in the public perception and cultural
representation of the war experience. Although it provides a fairly
adequate description of the second half of the twentieth century, this
paradigm cannot be accepted as it stands. Violence against civilians
brutally escalated between 1939 and 1945, but it was by no means
limited to the Second World War. Moreover, this change of paradigm
was a generational phenomenon. Well into the 1950s and 1960s, writers,
directors and artists were influenced by traditionalism of literary
style and by a conscious or unconscious adherence to a canon of virility,
defining masculinity in terms of courage, loyalty and devotion
to the community (comrades and motherland). In recent years, the
contribution of Italian intellectuals to the construction of an Italian
war culture in the republican era has become the object of numerous
studies. Scholars seem to have reached a general consensus on a few
shared conclusions: the notion the older narrative paradigm of war
was erased by the prostration of civil war and the necessity to distance
oneself from the fascist regime, whose legacy was inseparable
from martial rhetoric. According to this dominant paradigm, Italian
literature after 1945 comes across as a constellation of testimonies of
the downtrodden: defeated and humble people who were only waiting
for the murderous storm of war to pass. However, the scholars
who have worked to establish a canon of postwar Italian literature
(and cinema) have avoided the complexity of post 1945 Italian intellectual
field. The popularity of traditional war-novels and patriotic
movies was huge: they were neither minor nor marginal. On the
contrary, their influence and impact are obvious. This is one of the
reasons why the generally accepted but certainly simplistic thesis of
the «disappearance of heroes» (the idea that the sacrificial vision of
death in battle was anachronistic and irretrievable) needs to be thoroughly
reconsidered.
Parole chiave: Cultura; Narrazione; Seconda Guerra
Mondiale; Italia
Keywords: Culture; Narrative; Second World War; Italy
Margini d’Europa. I rom nello spazio romeno fra storia e antropologia
Alberto Castaldini
The Roma in the Romanian Space between History
and Anthropology Fringes of Europe
The article discussed a selection of recent essays to explore the
constituent features of the Romani presence in the Romanian space
during the early modern age. Romani demographical relevance and
historical continuity in that area are unique in the European context.
The so-called «Danubian periphery», located on the border of
two empires, was a region much more open to minorities or marginalized
groups than other areas of the continent. Danubian principalities,
during the centuries of «Gypsy» presence, in spite of an
articulated system of legal slavery, continued to produce attempts
at integration and grant larval forms of autonomy, well before the
Romani enfranchisement that occurred in the 19th century.
Parole chiave: Rom, Spazio Romeno, Marginali,
Assimilazione
Keywords: Roma, Romanian Space, Marginals, Assimilation