Sovranità, guerre e nazioni. La crisi del mondo borbonico e la formazione degli Stati moderni (1806-1920)
Carmine Pinto
Sovereignty, Wars and Nations. The Crisis of the Bourbon World
and the Formation of Modern States (1806-1920)
The prospect of war provides a common ground to analyze the collapse of the Bourbon world and to understand some of its original characters. The deep crisis of legitimacy of the monarchies broke the secular monarchical tradition. The internal conflict, and often the Civil War, became the main instrument to face and resolve alternative options-state and to reach the final affirmation of national buildings, in a context marked by many elements of homogeneity but through different paths. The study of war allows us to move the prospect from an inside story to national events to broader interpretive schemes, using the growing interest of the social sciences on these issues, the relationship between conflicts and the processes of state-building, but also to understand the reasons of the subsequent removal of the same conflicts to build national myths. The paradigm of the war can also contribute to a more successful placement of the national debate, stripping off the recurring rhetoric of the study of South’s participation in the construction of the Italian state.
Keywords: Bourbon collapse, legitimacy crisis, civil wars, nations
Immaginare una nazione sulle rovine di una monarchia: Nuova Spagna / Messico
Tomás Pérez Viejo
Imaging a Nation on the Ruins of a Monarchy: New Spain/Mexico
The article analyzes the process whereby the Mexican nation was built within the framework of the dissolution of the Bourbon imperial system and replacement of a State-Empire with nearly twenty new nation-states. This process was notable for how quickly it occurred: starting as a problem
that was virtually nonexistent at the beginning of the imperial crisis, in ten
short years it emerged as a series of declarations of political sovereignty
unmistakably national in scope and covering the entire continent. In the
case of Mexico, two alternate national projects were destined to clash
and to influence the political life of the new nation-state until well into
the second half of the nineteenth century. Special attention is given in
describing the features of both projects – liberal and conservative – and
also the historical accounts underlying them: in the case of the liberal
project, a stage of birth (the pre-Hispanic era), death (the Conquest), and
resurrection (Independence). And, for the conservative one, a metaphor
alluding to a family, wherein the son who reaches adulthood abandons his
parents’ home in order to take his place among the nations of the world.
Keywords: Mexico, nation, imperial collapse, new states
Guerre controrivoluzionarie in Spagna: 1793-1840. Dal conflitto internazionale alla guerra civile
Pedro Rújula Lopez
Counterrevolutionary Wars in Spain:
1793-1840. From International Conflict to Civil War
The French Revolution laid the European monarchies in front of a new
challenge: coping with a people’s army. In response, the Spanish monarchy
generated a widespread mobilization that backed onto a precise idea of
monarchist counterrevolutionary patriotism. This same mobilizing argument
was successfully recovered in 1808 to fight against the French invasion. In the
Courts of Cadiz, meanwhile, a new formula of patriotism had crystallized,
liberal patriotism, that questioned the directed absolute sovereignty and
proclaimed, at the same time, the rights of citizens. From the distance between
these projects, the germ of a civil war will be born that had a first episode in
1822-1823 and exploded in a large scale with the first Carlist War of 1833-1849.
In Spain, the counterrevolutionary fight was kept alive for forty years, but the
one that was initially an international war against the French revolutionaries,
had come to turn into a civil war against the Spanish liberals.
Keywords: Legitimacy crisis, Bourbon patriotism, civil war, political
traditions
La guerra rivoluzionaria di Sicilia. Costituzione, controrivoluzione, nazione 1799-1848
Antonino Blando
The Revolutionary War of Sicily. Constitution, counterrevolution,
Nation 1799-1848
In this paper we aim to discuss the conflict between Sicily and Naples in
the nineteenth-century. Using historical and historiographical categories of
counter-revolution, constitution, and nation, we try to figure out why the
Bourbon kingdom collapses in Sicily. The protagonist of three revolutions
(1812, 1820 and 1848) and an endless series of confrontations and violence,
two projects will come from the island National Anti-Neapolitans. The
first was the loser of the «small country» Sicilian, the second was the winner
of the «great nation» Italian.
Keywords: Kingdom of Naples, revolt, Sicilian patriotism, Italian nation
Alla ricerca di uno Stato nazionale. Guerre e Stato colombiano nel XIX secolo
Carlos Alberto Patiño Villa
In Search of a National State. Wars and Colombian State
in the Nineteenth Century
The wars during the 19th century were characterized by the constant
attempt of the establishment of a State in Colombia, a goal that has only
been achieved during the last war of the century, known as La Guerra
de los Mil Días. These series of wars showed the failed attempts of the
governments to achieve the territorial control, the violence and weapons’
monopoly, the national collection of taxes, a comprehensive economy and
appropriate infrastructure that connects the national territory. These lacks
forced the governments to search the acquisition of international credits
as a mechanism in order to accomplish the operation of its bureaucracy.
Likewise, these wars reflected the local identities instead of a national scope
because these provinces could not establish an economical and military
control over others. Under this complex and particular perspective, the
internal violence and political disagreements were developed during the
19th century, while the establishment of a Colombian State was searched.
Keywords: State, cities, war, territorial control, economy, taxes, politic power
Sistemi patriottici: tempi e spazi delle identità nazionali
Renata De Lorenzo
Patriotic Systems: times and spaces of national identities
The crisis of legitimacy that characterized the Bourbon’s monarchy
in the late eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century,
interpreted taking into account suggestions historiographical influenced
by postcolonial studies, leads to consider the circularity of the Europe
– America, in the Mediterranean-Atlantic patriotic system, between
revolutionary processes and achievements of independence. Spain, the
colonial world and the Kingdom of Naples appear connected through
emblematic figures of exiles, such as Horace de Attellis Santangelo and
Peter De Angelis, expression of different ideological choices, challenged by
the unprecedented perception of space in which to interpret and qualify the
cultural and political militancy.
Keywords: Patriotic System, Europe- America, biographies
Un’altra ribellione? La partecipazione dei settori popolari alle guerre di indipendenza ispano-americane
Federica Morelli
Another Rebellion? The Participation of the popular sectors
to the Spanish-American Wars of Independence
The participation of the subaltern groups to the Spanish-American
independent movements is at the centre of this article. Though
historiography has always underestimated their contribution to the
wars that liberated Spanish American territories from Spain, subaltern
sectors (indigenous, free coloured people and slaves) played indeed a very
important and active role during this period. Not only they participated
to the armies that defeated the Spanish, but they also had significant
political objectives to be attained. Like the elites, they understood that the
collapse of the Spanish monarchy opened some possibilities of action that
were unimaginable before 1808. Wars led de facto to an improvement of
the social and political conditions of popular groups: for the free coloured
meant the access of citizenship; for slaves, the acquisition of freedom; for
the indigenous people, the defence of their lands.
Keywords: Subaltern groups, Latin America, insurrection, monarchy
collapse
Carlo e Filippo Pisacane. Un «conflitto civile privato» nel Mezzogiorno borbonico
Silvia Sonetti
Carlo e Filippo Piscane. A «Private Civil Conflict» in South Bourbon
The question of the participation of the South to the construction
of the Italian nation-state is, even today, at the center of the historical
debate. Within the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, liberalism and pressures
unitary confronted with the structures and policies of the Bourbon
monarchy. Using the correspondence between the brothers Carlo
and Filippo Pisacane [1847-1855], one «Italian», the other legitimist,
the article traces the existence, in the private sphere, of a triangulation
between war, homeland and family dynamics and personal. The conflict
becomes, therefore, crucial to understand the determination of afferents
and political affiliations.
Keywords: Neapolitan patriotism, Italian nation, civil war, Pisacane
La rivoluzione immaginata. Gli esuli a Malta e l’iniziativa meridionale per il Risorgimento italiano
Chiara Maria Pulvirenti
Imagine the Revolution. Italian Exiles in Malta
and the Southern Initiative for the Risorgimento
In the nineteenth century, many democrats and conservative liberals
lived in Malta during their exile from the Italian pre-unification States. The
freedom of the press and the proximity to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
made the island a strategic launching pad of the revolution, especially after
1848. Through the use of sources from Italian and Maltese archives, the
article tries to reconstruct the role of the Maltese node in the network of the
Liberal Italian exile.
Keywords: Freedom of the press, new politics, Kingdom of the Two Sicily,
liberal international
I figli di Tramonti e «la santa pizza». Reti sociali e cultura dell’emigrazione nella mobilità interna
Carlo Capello
Tramonti’s Children and the «santa pizza». Social Networks
and the Cultural of Migration in the Internal Migration
This article presents the first results of a historical and anthropological
research conducted among the migrants from Tramonti, a little town of
the Amalphitan Coast. Since the 1950s, thousands of people have left this
village for the North of Italy, where they have found work mostly in the
restaurant business as pizzaioli. The case of the pizzaioli from Tramonti
contrasts the received wisdom about Italian internal migration, revealing
a migratory flow whose features depart from the mainstream of migrants
seeking factory jobs, since it consisted of independent workers in the tertiary
sector. The essay focuses on the working and on the cultural dimensions of
migratory networks, using interviews and biographical reconstructions as its
main sources. These life-stories highlight the importance of both translocal
connections with the village of origin and of the culture of migration in
fuelling the decision to leave for the North, through a mechanism of call
and emulation. This kind of socio-cultural factors has often been neglected
in the macro-analytical description of internal migration in Italy, although
they are crucial to fully understand specific migratory patterns. The aim is
thus to contribute, on the one hand, to a deeper awareness of the social and
cultural dimensions of internal migration, and on the other, to the dialogue
between social anthropology and the history of migration.
Keywords: Italian internal migration, migratory networks, culture of
migration
I paesi italo-albanesi della Calabria: comunità molecolari con tratti tipici delle aree interne
Luca Murrau
The Italian-Albanian Communities in Calabria:
Molecular Communities with Distinctive Features of Inland Areas
This study is aimed to shed light on the singular settlement process
of Italian-Albanian communities in the South of Italy, especially in the
Calabria region. These communities display an original combination of
cultural and linguistic features, combined with elements of the surrounding
Italian context. The Italian-Albanian communities are localised in inland
areas, which are prevalently rural, and suffer an endemic separation from
the coasts as well as from urbanised areas. The study demonstrates that
regardless a remarkable cultural and social cohesion along with the presence
of a strong sense of identity, the Italian-Albanian communities do not
exhibit a different path of economic development when compared with the
other inland areas of Calabria. Some structural problems such as the loss of
population and intellectual capital destruction, which are typical of these
disadvantaged areas, are more evident in the Italian-Albanian communities
in Calabria. Oriented policy interventions for inland areas are required
in order to enhance more attractive life conditions in these communities,
which detain an extraordinary biodiversity and an uncommon patrimony
of identity elements and cultural assets.
Keywords: Italian-Albanian communities, inland areas, local communities,
cultural cohesion, social cohesion